Plywood imapangidwa ndi matabwa atatu kapena kupitilira apo omwe amalumikizana ndi zomatira. Chigawo chilichonse cha matabwa, kapena ply, nthawi zambiri chimayendetsedwa ndi njere zake zomwe zimayenda molunjika kumtunda woyandikana nawo kuti achepetse kuchepa komanso kulimbitsa mphamvu ya chidutswacho. Mapulani ambiri amaponderezedwa m'mapepala akuluakulu, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga. Zidutswa zina za plywood zitha kupangidwa kukhala zokhotakhota zosavuta kapena zophatikizika kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito mumipando, mabwato, ndi ndege.
Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa nkhuni zoonda monga njira yomangira kunachitika pafupifupi 1500 BC pamene amisiri a ku Aigupto anamanga zidutswa zopyapyala za nkhuni zakuda za ebony kunja kwa bokosi la mkungudza lomwe linapezeka m'manda a Mfumu Tut-Ankh-Amon. Njira imeneyi pambuyo pake inagwiritsiridwa ntchito ndi Agiriki ndi Aroma kupanga mipando yabwino ndi zinthu zina zokongoletsera. M'zaka za m'ma 1600, luso la kukongoletsa mipando yokhala ndi nkhuni zopyapyala zinadziwika kuti veneering, ndipo zidutswazo zinadziwika kuti veneers.
Mpaka kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1700, zidutswa za veneer zidadulidwa ndi manja. Mu 1797, Mngelezi Sir Samuel Bentham anafunsira ziphaso zokhala ndi makina angapo opangira ma veneers. M'magwiritsidwe ake a patent, adalongosola lingaliro la kuyika zigawo zingapo za veneer ndi guluu kuti apange chidutswa chokhuthala - kufotokoza koyamba kwa zomwe tsopano timatcha plywood.
Ngakhale izi zidachitika, zidatenga pafupifupi zaka zana kuti ma laminated veneers apeze ntchito zilizonse zamalonda kunja kwa mafakitale. Cha m'ma 1890, matabwa a laminated anayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga zitseko. Pamene kufunikira kunkakula, makampani angapo anayamba kupanga mapepala amatabwa opangidwa ndi ply laminate, osati zitseko zokha, komanso kuti azigwiritsidwa ntchito m'magalimoto a njanji, mabasi, ndi ndege. Ngakhale kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwachulukidweku, lingaliro la kugwiritsa ntchito "mitengo yopakidwa," monga momwe amisiri ena amazitcha monyodola, limapanga chithunzi cholakwika cha mankhwalawa. Pofuna kuthana ndi chithunzichi, opanga matabwa opangidwa ndi laminated anakumana ndipo potsirizira pake anakhazikika pa mawu akuti "plywood" kuti afotokoze zinthu zatsopano.
Mu 1928, mapepala oyambirira a plywood 4 ft ndi 8 ft (1.2 m ndi 2.4 m) adayambitsidwa ku United States kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito ngati zomangira wamba. M'zaka makumi angapo zotsatira, zomatira bwino komanso njira zatsopano zopangira zidalola kuti plywood igwiritsidwe ntchito pazinthu zosiyanasiyana. Masiku ano, matabwa a plywood alowa m'malo mwa matabwa odulidwa kuti apange ntchito zambiri zomanga, ndipo kupanga plywood kwasanduka ndalama zokwana madola mabiliyoni ambiri padziko lonse lapansi.
Zigawo zakunja za plywood zimadziwika motsatana ngati nkhope ndi kumbuyo. Nkhope ndi pamwamba yomwe iyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kapena kuwonedwa, pamene kumbuyo kumakhala kosagwiritsidwa ntchito kapena kubisika. Chigawo chapakati chimadziwika kuti pachimake. Mu plywoods ndi plies asanu kapena kuposa, zigawo zapakati-pakatikati amadziwika kuti crossbands.
Plywood ikhoza kupangidwa kuchokera ku matabwa olimba, softwoods, kapena kuphatikiza ziwirizi. Mitengo ina yolimba kwambiri ndi monga phulusa, mapulo, mahogany, thundu, ndi teak. Mitengo yofewa yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga plywood ku United States ndi Douglas fir, ngakhale kuti mitundu ingapo ya paini, mkungudza, spruce, ndi redwood imagwiritsidwanso ntchito.
Plywood yophatikizika imakhala ndi maziko opangidwa ndi particleboard kapena matabwa olimba omwe amalumikizana m'mphepete. Imamalizidwa ndi nkhope ya plywood veneer ndi kumbuyo. Plywood yophatikizika imagwiritsidwa ntchito pomwe pamafunika mapepala okhuthala kwambiri.
Mtundu wa zomatira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kulumikiza zigawo za matabwa pamodzi zimadalira momwe plywood yomalizidwa imagwiritsidwira ntchito. Mapepala a plywood opangidwa kuti aziyika kunja kwa nyumba nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito utomoni wa phenol-formaldehyde ngati zomatira chifukwa champhamvu zake komanso kukana chinyezi. Mapepala a Softwood plywood opangidwira kuyika mkati mwa dongosolo angagwiritse ntchito mapuloteni a magazi kapena zomatira za soya, ngakhale mapepala ambiri a mkati mwa softwood tsopano amapangidwa ndi utomoni womwewo wa phenol-formaldehyde womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito kunja kwa mapepala. Plywood yolimba yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito mkati komanso popanga mipando nthawi zambiri imapangidwa ndi urea-formaldehyde resin.
Ntchito zina zimafuna mapepala a plywood omwe ali ndi pulasitiki, zitsulo, kapena pepala lopangidwa ndi utomoni kapena nsalu zomangirira kumaso kapena kumbuyo (kapena zonse ziwiri) kuti apatse kunja kukana kukana chinyezi ndi kuphulika kapena kupititsa patsogolo mawonekedwe ake opangira utoto. Plywood yotereyi imatchedwa plywood yophimbidwa ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pomanga, mayendedwe, ndi m'mafakitale aulimi.
Mapepala ena a plywood akhoza kuphimbidwa ndi banga lamadzi kuti apange mawonekedwe omaliza, kapena akhoza kuthandizidwa ndi mankhwala osiyanasiyana kuti plywood isawonongeke kapena kuti isawonongeke.
Pali magulu awiri akuluakulu a plywood, iliyonse ili ndi makina ake.
Kalasi imodzi imadziwika kuti zomangamanga ndi mafakitale. Plywoods m'kalasili amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka chifukwa cha mphamvu zawo ndipo amavotera ndi mphamvu zawo zowonekera komanso mtundu wa veneer womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito kumaso ndi kumbuyo. Kuwonekera kumatha kukhala mkati kapena kunja, kutengera mtundu wa guluu. Magiredi a Veneer angakhale N, A, B, C, kapena D. N giredi ali ndi zolakwika zochepa kwambiri, pomwe kalasi ya D imatha kukhala ndi mfundo zambiri komanso zogawanika. Mwachitsanzo, plywood ntchito subflooring m'nyumba adavotera "Interior CD". Izi zikutanthauza kuti ili ndi nkhope ya C yokhala ndi D kumbuyo, ndipo guluu ndiloyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo otetezedwa. Zamkati mwa plywood zonse zomanga ndi mafakitale amapangidwa kuchokera ku giredi C kapena D veneer, posatengera kuti mulingo wake ndi wotani.
Gulu lina la plywood limadziwika kuti hardwood ndi zokongoletsera. Plywoods m'kalasili amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka chifukwa cha maonekedwe awo ndipo amaikidwa m'gulu lotsika la kukana chinyezi monga Technical (Kunja), Type I (Kunja), Type II (Mkati), ndi Type III (Mkati). Zovala zapankhope zawo zimakhala zopanda chilema chilichonse.
Makulidwe
Mapepala a plywood amasiyanasiyana kuchokera ku makulidwe. 06 mu (1.6 mm) mpaka 3.0 mu (76 mm). Makulidwe odziwika kwambiri ali mu 0.25 in (6.4 mm) mpaka 0.75 mu (19.0 mm). Ngakhale pachimake, zopingasa, ndi nkhope ndi kumbuyo kwa pepala la plywood zitha kupangidwa ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya makulidwe, makulidwe a aliyense ayenera kukhala mozungulira pakati. Mwachitsanzo, nkhope ndi msana ziyenera kukhala zofanana. Momwemonso zopingasa pamwamba ndi pansi ziyenera kukhala zofanana.
Kukula kofala kwa mapepala a plywood omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga nyumba ndi 4 ft (1.2 m) m'lifupi ndi 8 ft (2.4 m) kutalika. M'lifupi mwake ndi 3 ft (0.9 m) ndi 5 ft (1.5 m). Kutalika kumasiyana kuchokera ku 8 ft (2.4 m) mpaka 12 ft (3.6 m) mu 1 ft (0.3 m) increments. Ntchito zapadera monga kumanga bwato zingafunike mapepala okulirapo.
Mitengo yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga plywood nthawi zambiri imakhala yaying'ono m'mimba mwake kuposa yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga matabwa. Nthawi zambiri, amabzalidwa ndikukulitsidwa m'malo omwe ali ndi kampani ya plywood. Maderawa amayendetsedwa mosamala kuti mitengo ikule bwino komanso kuchepetsa kuwonongeka kwa tizilombo kapena moto.
Nawa kachitidwe kachitidwe kokonza mitengo kukhala mapepala a plywood 4 ft by 8 ft (1.2 m by 2.4 m):
Zipikazo zimadulidwa poyamba ndikudulidwa mu peeler blocks. Pofuna kudula midadada kukhala mizere ya veneer, poyamba ankanyowetsedwa ndiyeno n'kusenda.
1 Mitengo yosankhidwa m'dera imayikidwa chizindikiro kuti yakonzeka kudulidwa, kapena kudulidwa. Kudulako kungapangidwe ndi macheka opangidwa ndi petulo kapena ndi zitsulo zazikulu za hydraulic zomangidwira kutsogolo kwa galimoto zamawiro zotchedwa zodula. Miyendo imachotsedwa pamitengo yomwe yagwa ndi macheka a unyolo.
2 Mitengo yodulidwayo, kapena kuti mitengo yodulidwa, amakokedwa kupita nayo pamalo oikamo katundu ndi magalimoto amawilo otchedwa skidders. Mitengoyi imadulidwa utali wake ndipo amanyamulidwa m’magalimoto opita ku mphero ya plywood, kumene amasanjikizidwa m’milu italiitali yotchedwa matabwa.
3 Monga momwe matabwa amafunikira, amatengedwa kuchokera m’zipinda zamatabwa ndi zonyamula zotayira za labala ndikuziika pa chotengera cha unyolo chomwe chimazifikitsa ku makina ogwetsa. Makinawa amachotsa khungwa, kaya ndi mawilo opera okhala ndi mano akuthwa kapena ndi jeti lamadzi othamanga kwambiri, pamene chipikacho chimazunguliridwa pang’onopang’ono mozungulira m’mbali mwake wautali.
4 Zipika zodulidwa zimanyamulidwa pamphero pa chotengera cha unyolo pomwe chocheka chachikulu chozungulira chimachidula m'zigawo za 8 ft-4 mu (2.5 m) mpaka 8 ft-6 mu (2.6 m) kutalika, koyenera kupanga ma sheet atali 8 ft (2.4 m). Magawo a log awa amadziwika kuti peeler blocks.
5 Veniya asanadulidwe, zitsulo za peeler ziyenera kutenthedwa ndi kuzinyowetsa kuti matabwawo afewe. Mitsuko imatha kutenthedwa kapena kumizidwa m'madzi otentha. Izi zimatenga maola 12-40 kutengera mtundu wa nkhuni, kukula kwa chipika, ndi zina.
6 Vilinga vyavivulu vyavivulu vize vyatwama mujimbu wamwaza, oloze vatela kukavangiza jishimbi jenyi vaze vali nakuzachila mukuyoya chenyi. Pamene lathe imazungulira chipikacho mofulumira pafupi ndi olamulira ake aatali, mpeni wautali wautali umatulutsa pepala losalekeza la veneer kuchokera pamwamba pa chipika chozungulira pamtunda wa 300-800 ft / min (90-240 m / min). M'mimba mwake mwa chipikacho chikachepetsedwa kukhala pafupifupi 3-4 mu (230-305 mm), mtengo wotsalawo, womwe umadziwika kuti peeler core, umatulutsidwa pa lathe ndipo chipika chatsopano cha peeler chimadyetsedwa m'malo mwake.
7 Pepala lalitali la veneer lomwe likutuluka kuchokera ku peeler lathe litha kukonzedwa nthawi yomweyo, kapena litha kusungidwa m'ma tray aatali, amitundu ingapo kapena kuvulala pamipukutu. Mulimonse momwe zingakhalire, njira yotsatirayi ikuphatikizapo kudula nthitiyo kuti ikhale m'lifupi mwake, nthawi zambiri pafupifupi 4 ft-6 mu (1.4 m), popanga mapepala a plywood a 4 ft (1.2 m). Nthawi yomweyo, makina ojambulira amayang'ana magawo omwe ali ndi zolakwika zosavomerezeka, ndipo izi zimadulidwa, ndikusiya zidutswa za veneer zosakwana zokhazikika.
Mizere yonyowa ya veneer imakulungidwa mu mpukutu, pomwe makina owonera amatha kuzindikira zolakwika zilizonse pamatabwa. Akaumitsa veneer ndi grade ndi zaunikidwa. Magawo osankhidwa a veneer amalumikizidwa pamodzi. Makina osindikizira otentha amagwiritsidwa ntchito kusindikiza chitsulocho kukhala plywood imodzi yolimba, yomwe imadulidwa ndi mchenga isanadindidwe ndi giredi yake yoyenera.
8 Zigawo za veneer zimasanjidwa ndikuziika molingana ndi kalasi. Izi zitha kuchitika pamanja, kapena zitha kuchitidwa zokha pogwiritsa ntchito makina ojambulira.
9 Zigawo zosankhidwa zimayikidwa mu chowumitsira kuti zichepetse chinyezi ndikuzipangitsa kuti zifooke zisanagwirizane. Makina ambiri a plywood amagwiritsa ntchito chowumitsira makina momwe zidutswazo zimayenda mosalekeza kudzera m'chipinda chotenthedwa. M'zowumitsira zina, ma jeti othamanga kwambiri, mpweya wotentha amawombedwa pamwamba pa zidutswazo kuti afulumire kuyanika.
10 Zigawo za veneer zikatuluka mu chowumitsira, zimayikidwa molingana ndi kalasi. Zigawo zapansi panthaka zimakhala ndi zowonjezera zowonjezera zowonjezera ndi tepi kapena zomatira kuti zipange zidutswa zoyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito mkati mwa zigawo zomwe maonekedwe ndi mphamvu ndizosafunikira.
11 Zigawo za veneer zomwe zidzaikidwa zopingasa—pakati pa mapepala atatu, kapena zopingasa m’mapepala asanu—zimadulidwa utali wa pafupifupi 4 ft-3 mu (1.3 m).
12 Pamene magawo oyenerera a veneer asonkhanitsidwa kuti apange plywood inayake, njira yoyika ndi kumata zidutswazo zimayamba. Izi zitha kuchitika pamanja kapena semi-automatic ndi makina. Pachinthu chophweka cha mapepala atatu, kumbuyo kwake kumayikidwa pansi ndipo kumayendetsedwa ndi glue spreader, yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito gulu la guluu kumtunda. Magawo ang'onoang'ono a core veneer amayalidwa modutsana pamwamba pa zomatira kumbuyo, ndipo pepala lonselo limadutsanso ndi guluu wofalitsa kachiwiri. Pomaliza, chophimba kumaso chimayikidwa pamwamba pa phata lomatidwa, ndipo pepalalo limakutidwa ndi mapepala ena omwe akudikirira kuti alowe mu makina osindikizira.
13 Mapepala omatira amalowetsedwa mu makina osindikizira otentha otsegula kangapo. makina osindikizira amatha kunyamula mapepala 20-40 nthawi imodzi, pepala lililonse limakhala ndi malo osiyana. Mapepala onse akamanyamulidwa, atolankhani amawafinya pamodzi mopanikizika pafupifupi 110-200 psi (7.6-13.8 bar), pomwe amawotcha kutentha pafupifupi 230-315 ° F (109.9-157.2 ° C). Kupanikizika kumatsimikizira kukhudzana kwabwino pakati pa zigawo za veneer, ndipo kutentha kumapangitsa guluu kuchiritsa bwino kuti likhale lamphamvu kwambiri. Pambuyo pa mphindi 2-7, makina osindikizira amatsegulidwa ndipo mapepala amatsitsidwa.
14 Kenako mapepala okhwimawo amadutsa m’gulu la macheka, amene amawacheka mpaka kufika m’lifupi ndi kutalika kwake. Mapepala apamwamba amadutsa pamagulu a 4 ft (1.2 m) ma sanders a lamba, omwe amachitira mchenga kumaso ndi kumbuyo. Mapepala apakati amapangidwa ndi mchenga kuti ayeretse malo ovuta. Mapepala ena amapangidwa ndi macheka ozungulira, omwe amadula ma grooves osaya kumaso kuti plywood ikhale yowoneka bwino. Pambuyo poyang'anitsitsa komaliza, zolakwika zilizonse zotsalira zimakonzedwa.
15 Mapepala omalizidwa amadindidwa ndi chizindikiro cha giredi chomwe chimapatsa wogula chidziwitso chokhudza mawonekedwe, giredi, nambala ya mphero, ndi zinthu zina. Mapepala amtundu womwewo amangiriridwa pamodzi mumitaka ndikusamutsidwira kumalo osungiramo katundu kudikirira kutumizidwa.
Mofanana ndi matabwa, palibe plywood yabwino kwambiri. Zidutswa zonse za plywood zimakhala ndi zolakwika zina. Chiwerengero ndi malo a zolakwika izi zimatsimikizira kalasi ya plywood. Miyezo yomanga ndi plywood zamakampani imatanthauzidwa ndi Product Standard PS1 yokonzedwa ndi National Bureau of Standards ndi American Plywood Association. Miyezo ya matabwa olimba ndi yokongoletsera imatanthauzidwa ndi ANSIIHPMA HP yokonzedwa ndi American National Standards Institute ndi Hardwood Plywood Manufacturers' Association. Miyezo iyi sikuti imangokhazikitsa masinthidwe a plywood, komanso imatchulanso kamangidwe, kachitidwe, ndi kagwiritsidwe ntchito.
Ngakhale plywood imagwiritsa ntchito bwino mitengo - kuigawanitsa ndikuyiyika pamodzi kuti ikhale yolimba, yogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri - pali zinyalala zambiri zomwe zimachitika popanga. Nthawi zambiri, pafupifupi 50-75% ya mtengo womwe ungagwiritsidwe ntchito pamtengo umasinthidwa kukhala plywood. Kuti izi zitheke, pali zinthu zingapo zatsopano zomwe zikupangidwa.
Chinthu chimodzi chatsopano chimatchedwa oriented strand board, chomwe chimapangidwa podula chipika chonsecho kukhala zingwe, m'malo mosenda chitsulo kuchokera pachipikacho ndikutaya pakati. Zingwezo zimasakanizidwa ndi zomatira ndikuzipanikiza kukhala zigawo ndi njere zikuyenda mbali imodzi. Zigawo zophatikizikazi zimakhazikika pamakona abwino kwa wina ndi mzake, ngati plywood, ndipo amalumikizana palimodzi. Oriented strand board ndi yolimba ngati plywood ndipo imawononga pang'ono.
Nthawi yotumiza: Aug-10-2021